Section Seven

Personnel Activities Associated with R&D

 

TOPICS COVERED IN THIS SECTION INCLUDE:

 


Modified: January 22, 2017

Abbott, Langer & Associates, "Compensation in Research & Development, 15th Edition", Crete, IL. (3 Volumes), 2001 [708/672-4200; $850.00]

Addison, Arnold, "Selecting Research and Development Personnel for a Small Laboratory", IRE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-4, No. 2, June, 1957, pp. 43-45

Adler, P.S., "The Skill Requirements of CAD/CAM: An Exploratory Study", International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1990, pp. 201-216

Aiman-Smith, Lynda, Bergey, Paul, Cantwell, April R. and Doran, Mark, "The Coming Knowledge and Capability Shortage", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 49, No. 4, July-August, 2006, pp. 15-25

Aiman-Smith, Lynda and Markham, Stephen K., "What You Should Know About Using Surveys", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 47, No. 3, May-June, 2004, pp. 12-15

Aje, J.O., "The Process of Hiring and Managing a Technical Consultant", Engineering Management International, Vol. 5, No. 2, November, 1988, pp. 101-105

Allen, T.J. and Katz, Ralph, "Age, Education and the Technical Ladder", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, August, 1992, pp. 237-243

Allison, David, "When Phillips R&D Had to Cut Back", Research Management, Vol. 30, No. 2, March-April, 1987, pp. 44-45

Altenpohl, D., "Future Working Conditions", R&D Management, Vol. 7, Special Issue, 1977, pp. 132-135

Aryee, Samuel, "Career Orientations, Perceptions of Rewarded Activity, and Career Strategies Among R&D Professionals", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, March, 1992, pp. 61-82

Aryee, S. and Leong, C.C., "Career Orientations and Work Outcomes Among Industrial R&D Professionals", Group and Organization Studies, Vol. 16, 1991, pp. 193-205

Augustine, Norman R., "Competitiveness: Late But Not Too Late", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 50, No. 1, January-February, 2007, pp. 9-12

Azevedo, R.E., "Scientists, Engineers, and the Job Search Process", California Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, Winter, 1974, pp. 40-49

Babco, Eleanor L. and Bell, Nathan E., "Salaries of Scientists, Engineers and Technicians: A Summary of Salary Surveys", 20th Edition, Washington, DC: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology, $100., 2003

Badawy, M.K., "Practical Issues in Managing Technical Professionals", International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 13, Nos. 5/6, 1992, pp. 428-442

Bailetti, Antonio J. and Callahan, John R., "Specifying the Structure which Integrates a Firm's Skills with Market Needs", R&D Management, Vol. 25, No. 2, April, 1995, pp. 227-240

Bailyn, Lotte, "The Hybrid Career: An Exploratory Study of Career Routes in R&D", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 8, No. 1, June, 1991, pp. 1-14

Bailyn, L., "Living with Technology: Issues at Mid-Career", Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980

Balkin, D.B., Markman, G.D. and Gomez-Mejia, L., "Is CEO Pay in High Technology Firms Related to Innovation?", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. , 2000, pp. 1118-1129

Balkin, D.B. and Gomez-Mejia, L.R., "Determinants of R&D Compensation Strategies in the High Tech Industry", Personnel Psychology, Vol. 37, No. 4, Winter, 1984, pp. 635-650

Barnard, Janet, "Technical Skills - Lease or Buy?", SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 50. No. 1, Winter, 1985, pp. 36-39

Beattie, D.F. and Tampoe, F.M.K., "Human Resource Planning for ICL", Long Range Planning, Vol. 23, No. 1, February, 1990, pp. 17-28

Bengtsson, Jarl, "Human Resource Development: Education, Training and Labour Market Development", Futures, Vol. 23, No. 10, December, 1991, pp. 1085-1106

Berendsen, Henry, de Grip, Andries and Willems, Ed, "The Future of Labour Market for R&D Manpower in the Netherlands", R&D Management, Vol. 25, No. 3, July, 1995, pp. 299-307

Bezdek, R.H. and Jones, J.D., "Economic Growth, Technological Change, and Employment Requirements for Scientists and Engineers", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 38, No. 4, December, 1990, pp. 375-391

Bharol, C.R., "Problems of R&D Manpower in India", R&D Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, October, 1989, pp. 335-341

Billetdeaux, J.N., "The Role of Maturity Curves in Salary Administration", Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, Vol. 9, No. 1, Summer, 1977, pp. 28-44

Bondi, Hermann, "Technology and Employment", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 5, October, 1986, pp. 256-258

Bouvier, L.F. and Martin, J.L., "Foreign-born Scientists, Engineers and Mathematicians in the US", Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 1995

Bowling, Jill and Martin, Brian, "Science: A Masculine Disorder?", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 12, No. 6, December, 1985, pp. 308-316

Boyle, T.J. and Liebowitz, S.J., "Hiring Thoroughbreds: Pitfalls to Avoid and Rules to Follow", Business Horizons, Vol. 33, No. 6, November-December, 1990, pp. 28-33

Bradbury, Susan L., "Dual Career Couples in R&D Labs", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 37, No. 1, January-February, 1994, pp. 45-48

Brandt, Richard L., "Hire Me!, Research-Technology Management, Vol. 42, No. 2, March-April, 1999, p. 9

Breakwell, G.M., Fife-Schaw, Chris and Lee, Terence, "Survey of Student Attitudes to Technology", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 12, No. 6, December, 1985, pp. 337-340

Bredin, Karin and Söderlund, Jonas, "HRM and Project Intensification in F&D-based Companies: a Study of Volvo Car Corporation and AstraZeneca", R&D Management, Vol. 36, No. 5, November, 2006, pp. 467-485

Brush, D.H., "Technical Knowledge or Managerial Skills - Recruiting Graduates Who Have Both", Personnel Journal, Vol. 58, No. 11, November, 1979, pp. 771-775

Cannon, Peter, "Forever Offshore?", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 47, No. 4, July-August, 2004, pp. 8-9

Capaldo, Guido, Volpe, Antonio and Zollo, Giuseppe, "Management of Capabilities and Situations in R&D Centres: the Matrix of Competences", R&D Management, Vol. 26, No. 3, July, 1996, pp. 231-230

Cappelli, Peter, "Why Is It So Hard to Find Information Technology Workers?", Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001, pp. 87-99

Caudron, Shari, "Motivating Creative Employees Calls for New Strategies", Personnel Journal, May, 1994, pp. 103-106

Chang, Yu-Shing, Lin, Tyng Ruu, Yu, Hsiao-Cheng and Chang, Shih-Chi, "The CEOs of Hsinchu Science Park", Research Technology Management, Vol. 52, No. 6, November-December, 2009, pp. 12-13

Cheng, J.C., "Organizational Staffing and Productivity in Basic and Applied Research: A Comparative Study", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-31, No. 1, February, 1984, pp. 3- 6

Chubin, D.E. and Robinson, E.M., "Human Resources for the Research Work Force: U.S. Indicators and Policy Choices", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 6, December, 1992, pp. 334-342

Clarke, Thomas E., "Practices Employed by Science-based Organizations to Determine the Salary Compensation and Promotion, and Career Paths of Research Scientists: A Literature Review", Nanaimo, B.C.: Stargate Consultants Limited, February, 2003

Clarke, Thomas E., "Why Doesn't Canada Have the Scientists and Engineers that It Needs?", Canadian R&D Manager, Vol. 1, No. 8, July/August, 1992, p. 6

Clovis, James S., "Challenging Industry on Education", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 46, No. 6, November-December, 2003, pp. 9-11

Collins, Luke, "West 'Hemorrhaging' Its Best Brains, Study Claims", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 52, No. 4, July-August, 2009, pp. 2-5

Coombs Jr, Gary and Gomez-Mejia, Luis R., "Cross-Functional Pay Strategies in High -Technology Firms", Compensation and Benefits Review, Vol. 23, No. 5, September-October, 1991, pp. 40-48

Cooper, David P., "Innovation and Reciprocal Externalities: Information Transmission via Job Mobility", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 45, No. 4, August, 2001, pp. 403-425

Cordero, Rene, DiTomaso, Nancy and Farris, George F., "Career Development Opportunities and Likelihood of Turnover Among R&D Professionals", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 41, No. 3, August, 1994, pp. 223-233

Cohen, A.M., Epperly, W.R. and Levine, D.G., "Individual Performance Analysis and Career Planning - Benefits for the Employee", Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 75, No. 7, July, 1979, pp. 27-30

Collins, E.L., "Meeting the Scientific and Technical Staffing Requirements of the American Economy", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 15, No. 5, October, 1988, pp. 335-342

Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology, "Salaries of Scientists, Engineers and Technicians: A Summary of Salary Surveys", 22nd edition, Washington, D.C. 2007-2008, [www.cpst.org]

Coombs, Gary and Gomez-Mejia, Luis, "Cross-Functional Pay Strategies in High-Technology Firms", Journal of Compensation and Benefits Review, Vol. 23, 1991, pp. 40-48

Cordero, Rene, DiTomaso, Nancy and Farris, George F., "Identifying and Developing Promotability in R&D Laboratories", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 11, No. 1, March, 1994, pp. 55-72

Dalessio, Anthony, "Academic Success and Job Performance of Engineering and Scientific Personnel", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-33, No. 2, May, 1986, pp. 67-71

Dalton, G.W. and Thompson, P.H., "Novations: Strategies for Career Management", Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman & Co., 1986

Davenport, Sally, "Panic and Panacea: Brain Drain and Science and Technology Human Capital Policy", Research Policy, Vol. 33, No. 4, Special Issue, May, 2004, pp. 617-630

Debackere, Koenraad and Rappa, Michael A., "Scientists at Major and Minor Universities: Mobility Along the Prestige Continuum", Research Policy, Vol. 24, No. 1, January, 1995, pp. 137-150

Debackere, Koen, Buyens, Dirk and Vandenbossche, Tine, "Strategic Career Development for R&D Professionals: Lessons from Field Research", Technovation, Vol. 17, No. 2, February, 1997, pp. 53-62

DeLong, David, "Lost Knowledge: Confronting the Threat of an Aging Workforce", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004

Despres, Charles and Hiltrop, Jean-Marie, "Compensation for Technical Professionals in the Knowledge Age", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 39, No. 5, September-October, 1996, pp. 48-56

Dill, D.D., "Theory versus Practice in the Staffing of R&D Laboratories", R&D Management, Vol. 15, No. 3, July, 1985, pp. 227- 241

DiTamaso, N., Farris, G.F. and Cordero, R., "Diversity in the Technical Work Force: Rethinking the Management of Scientists and Engineers", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2, June, 1993, pp. 101-127

Dodgson, M., "The Management of Technological Learning: Lessons from a Biotechnology Company", Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991

Dorner, Matthias, Frygs, Helmut and Schopen, Kathrin, "Wages in High-tech Start-ups - Do Academic Spin-offs Pay a Wage Premium?", Research Policy, Vol. 46, Issue 1, February, 2017, pp. 1-18

Dowling, M.J. and Albrecht, Karl-Otto, "Technical Workers and Competitive Advantage: What We Can Learn from the Germans", Business Horizons, Vol. 34, No. 6, November-December, 1991, pp. 68-75

Drihlon, Gabriel, "The Research System Under Constraint", STI Review, No. 5, April, 1989, pp. 129-162

Duke Jr., Paul, "Jobs go Unfilled as Fewer Students Show Interest in Computer Science", Wall Street Journal, November 27, 1987, p. 13

Dunlop, R.A., "Developing an Experience Register for Engineers", IRE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-10, No. 1, March, 1963, pp. 6-14

Edwards, C., "Aggressive Recruitment: The Lessons of High-tech Hiring", Personnel Journal, Vol. 65, No. 1, 1986, pp. 40-48

EIRMA, "Budgeting and Control of Expenditure and Personnel Administration", Vol. 2, Working Group No. 4, Paris: European Industrial Research Management Association, 1970

Ettlie, J.E., "Intrafirm Mobility and Manufacturing Modernization", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 6, Nos. 3/4, May, 1990, pp. 281-302

Ettlie, E.J., "Manpower Flows and the Innovation Process", Management Science, Vol. 26, No. 11, November, 1980, pp. 1086-1095

Finn, M.G., "Market Heats Up for S/E Doctorates", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 44, No. 3, May-June, 2001, pp. 39-43

Finn, M.G., "Personnel Shortages in Your Future?", Research- Technology Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, January-February, 1991, pp. 24-27

Florida, Richard, "America's Best and Brightest Are Leaving ... and Taking the Creative Economy with Them", Across the Board, September/October, 2004, pp. 34-40

France, Debra R., Leahy, Marilyn and Parsons, Mary, "Attracting, Developing and Retaining Talent", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 52, No. 6, November-December, 2009, pp. 33-44

Freel, Mark S., "Patterns of Innovation and Skills in Small Firms", Technovation, Vol. 25, No. 2, February, 2005, pp. 123-134

Freeman, Peter and Aspray, William, "The Supply of Information Technology Workers in the United States", Washington, DC: Computing Research Association, 1999, [info@cra.org]

Freeman, R., "Migration of Foreign Scientists and Engineers to the US", Sloan Foundation Workshop, May 21, 1997 [http://econ.bu.edu/ied/saesum.html]

Gaillard, J. and Gaillard, A.M., "The International Circulation of Scientists and Technologists: A Win-lose or Win-win Situation?", Science Communication, Vol. 20, No. 1, September, 1998, pp. 106-115

Ganguly, A.S., "Career and Mobility of R&D People in an International Group", in Industrial R&D and the Human Resource, London Conference Papers, Paris: European Industrial Research Management Association, May, 1992, pp. 98-105

Garden, Anna-Maria, "Career Orientations of Software Developers in a Sample of High Tech Companies", R&D Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, October, 1990, pp. 337-352

Garmire, Elsa and Pearson, Greg, eds., "Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy", Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006

Gaughan, Monica and Robin, Stephane, "National Science Training Policy and Early Scientific Careers in France and the United States", Research Policy, Vol. 33, No. 4, Special Issue, May, 2004, pp. 569-581

Georgoff, D.M. and Murdick, R.G., "A Matrix Model for Planning the Training and Development Programs for Employee Groups", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-27, No. 2, May, 1980, pp. 42-48

Gerpott, T.J., Domsch, M. and Keller, R.T., "Career Orientations in Different Countries and Companies: An Empirical Investigation of West German, British and US Industrial R&D Professionals", Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 25, 1988, pp. 439-462

Ghani, J.A. and Al-Buraey, M.A., "Administrators and Technologists: A Study of the Role and Career Aspirations of Saudi Engineers", Engineering Management International, Vol. 5, No. 1, April, 1988, pp. 63-69

Gold, Bela, "Strengthening the International Competitiveness of Industries: The Multi-functional Development of Executives in Japanese Industries", International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 9, Nos. 5-7, 1994, pp. 516-528

Goldberg, A.I. and Shenhav, Y.A., "R&D Career Paths: Their Relation to Work Goals and Productivity", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-31, No. 3, August, 1984, pp. 111-117

Goldman, I., "Using Job Descriptions in Research Laboratories", Research Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring, 1959, pp. 45-52

Good, Mary L. "New Alliance Targets Funding Shortfall", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 44, No. 4, July-August, 2001, pp. 9-10

Gospel, H.F., ed., "Industrial Training and Technological Innovation: A Comparative and Historical Study", London/New York: Routledge, 1991

Gover, James and Huray, Paul B., "The U.S. Engineers Shortage - How Real?", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 41, No. 6, November-December, 1998, pp. 9-14

Grass, D., "Guide to R and D Career Pathing", Personnel Journal, Vol. 58, No. 4, April, 1979, pp. 227-231

Guimaraes, Tomas A., Borges-Andrade, Jairo E., Machado, Magali dos Santos and Vargas, Miramar R.M., "Forecasting Core Competencies in an R&D Environment", R&D Management Vol. 31, No. 3, July, 2001, pp. 249-255

Gutteridge, T.G. and Ullman, J.C., "An Analysis of the Reemployment Aspirations of Displaced Engineers and Scientists", Proceedings of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA, August, 1974, p. 36

Hall, D.T. and Louis, M.R., "When Careers Plateau", Research- Technology Management, Vol. 31, No. 2, March-April, 1988, pp. 41- 45

Hall, Kenneth and Petzall, Stanley, "The Making of Technicians for a High-Technology Future: the Singapore Apprentice", Journal of Asian Business, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2000, pp. 39-56

Hart, G.L., "A Workshop Approach to Improving Managerial Performance", Research Management, Vol. 20, No. 5, September, 1977, pp. 16-20

Hauth, Amy and Humble, Jane, "Family-Care Policies in the High- Tech Workplace: It's a Good Investment", Industrial Management, Vol. 34, No. 6, November/December, 1992, pp. 11-14

Helbing, Caren C., Verhoef, Marja J. and Wellington, Cheryl L., "Gender and the Postdoctoral Experience", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 25, No. 4, August, 1998, pp. 255-264

Herzog, A.J., "Career Patterns of Scientists in Peripheral Communities", Research Policy, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1983, pp. 341-349

Herzog, H.W., Schlottmann, A.M. and Johnson, D.L., "High Technology Jobs and Worker Mobility", Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 26, 1986, pp. 445-459

Hill, J.A., "Are Salary Surveys Useful", Research Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, January, 1963, pp. 63-72

Hoong, A.W., "Out-of-School Activities in Science and Technology in Singapore", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 3, June, 1986, pp. 155-161

Husband, T.M., "Equitable Payment in the R&D Function", R&D Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, February, 1976, pp. 51-58

Igbaria, Magid, Kassicieh, Suleiman K. and Silver, Milton, "Career Orientations and Career Success Among Research, and Development and Engineering Professionals", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, March, 1999, pp. 29-54

Igbaria, Magid and Siegel, S.R., "The Career Decision of Information Systems People", Information and Management, Vol. 24, 1993, pp. 23-32

Industrial Research Institute Staff Report, "Selection and Placement of Research Personnel", Research Management, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring, 1961, pp. 43-56

Jackson, Jr., Ralph H. and Duerst, Wayne R., "Renovation Strategies for Lab Facilities: The Keys to Success", R&D Innovator, Vol. 4, No. 1, January, 1995, pp. 6-8

Jacques, Elliott and Clement, Stephen, "Executive Leadership: A Practical Guide to Managing Complexity", Arlington, VA: Cason Hall & Co. Publishers, 1991

Jarmon, Randall, Paulson, Albert S. and Rebne, Douglas, "Contractor Performance: How Good Are Contingent Workers at the Professional Level?", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 45, No. 1, February, 1998, pp. 11-19

Jarrell, D.W., "An Evaluation of Recruitment Sources for R&D", Research Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, March, 1974, pp. 33-37

Jindal, G.R. and Sandberg, C.H., "What it Costs to Hire a Professional", Research Management, Vol. 21, No. 4, July, 1978, pp. 26- 28

Jones, Oswald, "Strategic HRM: The Implications for Pharmaceutical R&D", Technovation, Vol. 16, No. 1, January, 1996, pp. 21-32

Jones, Oswald, "Postgraduate Scientists and R&D: The Role of Reputation in Organizational Choice", R&D Management, Vol. 22, No. 4, October, 1992, pp. 349-358

Jones, S.L., "Professional Development Needs of the Researcher", in The Management of Scientific Talent, J.W. Blood, ed., New York: American Management Association, 1963, pp. 206-214

Joshi, Nandini, "A Mathematical Model for Projecting the Demand for Scientists and Technologists in National R&D Institutes", R&D Management, Vol. 8, No. 1, October, 1977, pp. 43-47

Kahle, J.B., Lakes, M.K. and Cho, H.H., "An Assessment of the Impact of Science Experiences on the Career Choice of Male and Female Biology Students", Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1985, pp. 385-394

Kase, Stanley R., "Ciba Creates an HR Strategy for the Next Century", Personnel Journal, Vol. 74, No. 10, October, 1995, pp. 109-112

Kassem, M.S., "Adjusting Personnel Functions to the New Team- Hiring Phenomenon", Management of Personnel Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 4, Winter, 1969, pp. 34-39

Keller, R.T., "A Cross-National Validation Study Toward the Development of a Selection Battery for Research and Development Professional Employees", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-31, No. 4, November, 1984, pp. 162-165

Keller, R.T. and Holland, W.E., "Job Change: A Naturally Occurring Field Experiment", Human Relations, Vol. 34, No. 12, December, 1981, pp. 1053-1067

Keller, R.T. and Holland, W.E., "Toward a Selection Battery for Research and Development Professional Employees", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-26, No. 4, November, 1979, pp. 90-93

Kim, Youngbae and Cha, Jongseok, "Career Orientations of R&D Professionals in Korea", R&D Management, Vol. 30, No. 2, April, 2000, pp. 121-137

Kinder, Tony, "The Use of the Internet in Recruitment - Case Studies from West Lothian, Scotland", Technovation, Vol. 20, No. 9, September, 2000, pp. 461-475

Kirchner, W.K., "Proper and Improper Roles of the Behavioral Scientist in R&D Management", Research Management, Vol. 17, No. 6, November, 1974, pp. 24-25

Kochanski, James and Ledford, Gerald, "'How to Keep Me' - Retaining Technical Professionals", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 44, No. 3, May-June, 2001, pp. 31-38

Kulberg, R.A., "Relating Maturity Curve Data to Job Level and Performance", Personnel, Vol. 41, No. 2, March-April, 1964, pp. 45-50

Kuriu, Haruo, "IBM Japan's Market-Driven Personnel Strategy", Long Range Planning, Vol. 24, No. 6, December, 1991, pp. 9-16

Kurshan, J., "Recruiting the Technically Creative - A Dual Responsibility", IRE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-6, No. 1, March, 1959, pp. 14-18

Kusunoki, Ken and Numagami, Tsuyoshi, "Interfunctional Transfers of Engineers in Japan: Empirical Findings and Implications for Cross-Functional Integration", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 45, No. 3, August, 1998, 250-262

Lassibille, Gérard, "Earnings Distribution Among Spanish Engineers: Research vs. non-Research Occupations", Research Policy, Vol. 30, No. 4, April, 2001, pp. 673-680

Lau, Chung-Ming and Ngo, Hang-Yue, "The HR System, Organizational Culture, and Product Innovation", International Business Review, Vol. 13, No. 6, December, 2004, pp. 685-703

Lavoie, Marie and Finnie, Ross, "The Occupational Dynamics of Recent Canadian Engineering Graduates Inside and Outside the Bounds of Technology", Research Policy, Vol. 27, No. 2, June, 1998, pp. 143-160

Leamer, F.D., "Professional and Administrative Ladders: The Advantages of Broad Job Classifications in a Research Organization", Research Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring, 1959, pp. 53- 62

Leblanc, Peter V., "Skill-Based Pay Case Number 2: Northern Telecom", Compensation and Benefits Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, March-April, 1991, pp. 39-56

Ledford Jr., Gerald E., "Paying for the Skills, Knowledge, and Competencies of Knowledge Workers", Compensation & Benefits Review, Vol. 27, No. 4, July-August, 1995, pp. 55-62

Lehman, Robert I., "Is There a Labor Shortage in the Information Technology Industry?", Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. , No. , Spring, 1998, pp. 82-83

Leiponen, Aija, "Skills and Innovation", International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 23, Nos. 5/6, June, 2005, pp. 303-323

Leiponen, Aija, "Competencies, Innovation and Profitability of Firms", Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2000, pp. 1-24

Licea de Arenas, Judith, Castaños-Lomnitz, Heriberta, Valles, Javier, González, Eric and Arenas-Licea, Judit, "Mexican Scientific Brain Drain: Causes and Impact", Research Evaluation, Vol. 10, No. 2, August, 2001, pp. 115-119

Litras, T.S., "Promotion Readiness Criteria for Scientists and Engineers", Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, Vol. 9, No. 1, Summer, 1977, pp. 15-27

Lomnitz, Heriberta Castaños, "The Brain Drain from Mexico: the Experience of Scientists", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 25, No. 4, August, 1998, pp. 247-254

Lounsbury, John W., Foster, Nancy, Patel, Hemali Carmody, Patrick, Gibson, Lucy W. and Stairs, Deborah R., "An Investigation of the Personality Traits of Scientists versus Nonscientists and their Relationship with Career Satisfaction", R&D Management, Vol. 42, No. 1, January, 2012, pp. 47-59

Lyman, A.L., "Personnel Audits Improve Quality of Research Personnel", Research Management, Vol. 2, No. 3, Autumn, 1959, pp. 159-168

Maccoby, Michael, "Creative Downsizing Requires Strategic Intelligence", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 51, No. 4, July-August, 2008, pp. 60-61

Maccoby, Michael, "Why Should the Best Talent Work for You?", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 43, No. 5, September-October, 2000, pp. 57-58

Macdonald, C.R., "Performance Based Supervisory Development", Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press, 1982

MacDonald, J.R., "Variables Affecting Supply and Demand of Scientists and Engineers - The User's Viewpoint", Research Management, Vol. 10, No. 3, May, 1967, pp. 195-209

Macdonald, Stuart, "Headhunting in High Technology", Technovation, Vol. 4, No. 3, June, 1986, pp. 233-245

Mahroum, Sami, "Scientists and Global Spaces", Technology in Society, Vol. 22, No. 4, November, 2000, pp. 513-523

Mahroum, Sami, "Highly Skilled Globetrotters: Mapping the International Migration of Human Capital", R&D Management, Vol. 30, No. 1, January, 2000, pp. 23-31

Mahroum, Sami, "Competing for the Highly Skilled: Europe in Perspective", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 1, February, 1999, pp. 17-25

Mainiero, L.A., "Early Career Factors that Differentiate Technical Management Careers from Technical Professional Careers", Journal of Management, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1986, pp. 561-575

Maizell, R.E., Cronin, Virginia, Haglind, J.B. and Lindwall, H.G., "An Index of Skills for Research and Development", Research Management, Vol. 6, No. 3, May, 1963, pp. 209-221

Mallon, Mary, Duberley, Joanne and Cohen, Laurie, "Careers in Public Sector Science: Orientations and Implications", R&D Management, Vol. 35, No. 4, September, 2005, pp.395-407

Mangematin, V., "PhD Job Market: Professional Trajectories and Incentives During the PhD", Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 6, June, 2000, pp. 741-756

Martin, R.A. and Pachares, J., "Evaluating Engineers and Scientists for a Research and Development Activity", IRE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-4, No. 2, June, 1957, pp. 50- 61

Martin Jr., T.L., "Increasing US Intellectual Capital Through Career-long Education for Engineers", International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1990, pp. 189-199

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