Section Thirty Seven

Conflicts of Interest and

Ethical Considerations in R&D

 

TOPICS COVERED IN THIS SECTION INCLUDE:

Modified: August 26, 2016

Alberts, B. and Shine, K., "Scientists and the Integrity of Research", Science, Vol. 266, December 9, 1994, pp. 1660-

Bach, Fritz H., Ivinson, Adrian J. and Weeramantry, Christopher, "Ethical and Legal Issues in Technology: Xenotransplantation", American Journal of Law & Medicine, Vol. 27, Nos. 3/4, 2001, pp. 283-300

Barker, A. and Peters, B.G., eds., "The Politics of Expert Advice: Creating, Using and Manipulating Scientific Knowledge for Public Policy", Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993

Barnes, D.E. and Bero, L.A., "Industry-funded Research and Conflict of Interest: an Analysis of Research Sponsored by the Tobacco Industry through the Center for Indoor Air Research", Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 21, No. 3, Fall, 1996, pp. 515-542

Basken, Paul, "Misconduct, Not Error, Behind Most Journal Retractions", The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 1, 2012, http://chronicle.com/blogs/

Beckler, D.Z., "A Decision-Makers Guide to Science Advising", in Worldwide Science and Technology Advice to the Highest Levels of Governments, W.T. Golden, ed., Pergamon Press, 1991, pp. 28-41

Bell, R., "Impure Science: Fraud, Compromise, and Political Influences in Scientific Research", New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992

Berridge, Virginia and Thom, Betsy, "Research and Policy: What Determines the Relationship?", Policy Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, March, 1996, pp. 23-34

Blank, I.H., "Industry-Funded Dermatologic Research within Academia in the United States: Fiscal and Ethical Considerations", Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 98, No. 3, 1992, pp. 265-268

Blumenthal, David, "Ethical Issues in Academic-Industry Relationships in the Life Sciences: The Continuing Debate", Academic Medicine, Vol. 71, No. 12, December, 1996, pp. 1291-1296

Blumenthal, David and Causino, N., "Life Sciences CRADAs at the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy Laboratories: A Study of the Implementation of the Federal Technology Transfer Act", Final Report to the Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC, December 8, 1993

Blumenthal, David, Campbell, E.G., Anderson, M.S., Causino, N. and Louis, K.S., "Withholding Research Results in Academic Life Sciences: Evidence from a National Survey of Faculty", Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 277, No. 15, 1997, pp. 1224-1228

Bodner, G.M., "Ethics in Science", ChemTech, May, 1991, pp. 274-

Bond, G.G., "Ethical Issues Relating to the Conduct and Interpretation of Epidemiologic Research in Private Industry", Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 44, (Suppl. 1), 1991, pp. 29S-34S

Branscomb, L.M., "Science and Technology Advice to the U.S. Government: Deficiencies and Alternatives", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 20, No. 2, April, 1993, pp. 67-78

Broad, W.J., "Fraud and the Structure of Science", Science, Vol. 212, 1981, pp. 37

Broad, W. and Wade, N., "Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science", New York: Simon and Shuster, 1982

Bromley, D.A., "On the Theory and Practice of Giving Science Advice to Government", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 20, No. 2, April, 1993, pp. 127-132

Brundtland, G.H., "The Scientific Underpinning of Policy", Science, Vol. 277, pp. 457

Campbell, T.I.D. and Slaughter, S., "Protecting the Public's Trust: A Search for Balance Among Benefits and Conflicts in University-Industry Relationships", Report to the National Science Foundation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 1995

Canada, "A Framework for Science and Technology Advice: Principles and Guidelines for the Effective Use of Science and Technology Advice in Government Decision Making", Ottawa, ON: Industry Canada, July, 2000

Center for Disease Control, "Guidance for Collaboration with the Private Sector", Atlanta, Georgia: Center for Disease Control, Policy Report, February 18, 1997

Chafetz, M.E., "The Tyranny of Experts: Blowing the Whistle on the Cult of Expertise", Lanham: Madison Books, 1996

Chen, Philip R., "The National Institutes of Health and Its Interaction with Industry", in Biomedical Research: Collaboration and Conflict of Interest, Roger J. Porter and Thomas E. Malone, eds., Ch 12, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, pp. 199-221

Childs, Nancy M. and Childs, Michael E., "Do We Need Research Incentives for Health Claims?", Chemical Innovation, Vol. 31, No. 8, August, 2001, pp. 28-37

Chren, M., "Independent Investigators and For-Profit Companies: Guidelines for Biomedical Scientists Considering Funding by Industry", Archives of Dermatology, Vol. 130, 1994, pp. 432-437

Christie, E., "The Role of Law and Science in the Resolution of Disputes over Factual Evidence", Environmental and Planning Law Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1991, pp. 200-210

Clarke, Thomas E., "Freedom of Speech for Government Scientists", The Stargate Network, Vol. 1, No. 3, March 29, 2000, p. 1-2 [www.stargate-consultants.ca]

Collingridge, D. and Reeve, C., "Science Speaks to Power: The Role of Experts in Policy Making", London: Frances Pinter, 1986

Council of Science and Technology Advisors, "Science Advice for Government Effectiveness (SAGE)", Report, Ottawa, Ontario: Industry Canada, May 5, 1999

Colyer, P, "The Influences of Administrative and Political Cultures on Science Policy", in conference proceedings on Scientific Expertise in European Public Policy Debate, London School of Economics and Political Science, September 14-15, 1994

de Jong, Martin, "Institutionalised Criticism: the Demonopolisation of Scientific Advising", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, June 1999, pp. 193-198

De Vore, Paul W., "Do No Harm: Technology, Ethics and Responsibility", Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 22, No. 1, Spring, 1997, pp. 63-74

Didier, Christelle, "Engineering Ethics in France: a Historical Perspective", Technology in Society, Vol. 21, No. 4, November, 1999, pp. 471-486

Doern, G.B., "The Peripheral Nature of Scientific and Technological Controversy in Federal Policy Formation", Ottawa, ON: Science Council of Canada, 1981

Edsall, John T., "Scientific Freedom and Responsibility", Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1975

Edwards, Arthur, "Scientific Expertise and Policy-making: the Intermediary Role of the Public Sphere", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, June 1999, pp. 163-170

Finegold, David and Moser, Allison, "Ethical Decision-making in Bioscience Firms", Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 24, No. 3, March, 2006, pp. 285-290

Frankel, Mark S., "Perception, Reality, and the Political Context of Conflict of Interest in University-Industry Relationships", Academic Medicine, Vol. 71, No. 12, December, 1996, pp. 1297-1304

Friedman, P.J., "Mistakes and Fraud in Medical Research", Law, Medicine, and Health Care, Vol. 20, 1992, pp. 25-

Friedman, P.J., "Controlling Conflict of Interest", Issues in Science and Technology, Fall, 1991, pp. 30-

Gibbons, M., "The Changing Relationship between Research Practice and Science Policy Making", Paper, Presented at the Inaugural Meeting of Euroscience, Strasburg, March, 1997

Glasner, Peter and Rothman, Harry, "Does Familiarity Breed Concern? Bench Scientists and the Human Genome Mapping Project", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 4, August, 1999, pp. 233-240

Glass, B., "The Ethical Basis of Science", Science, Vol. 150, 1965

Glen, Jerome and Gordon, Theodore J., "Future S&T Management Policy Issues - 2025 Global Scenarios", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 71, No. 9, November, 2004, pp. 913-940

Golden, W.T., ed., "Worldwide Science and Technology Advice to the Highest Levels of Governments", Pergamon Press, 1991

Gratzer, Walter, "The Undergrowth of Science: Delusion, Self-Deception, and Human Frailty", New York: Oxford University Press, 2000

Grayson, Lesley, "Scientific Deception: An Overview and Guide to the Literature of Misconduct and Fraud in Scientific Research", London: The British Library, 1995

Gummett, P., "Lacking a Theory of Expert Advice", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1994, pp. 64-65

Guston, D.H., "Principal-Agent Theory and the Structure of Science Policy", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1996, pp. 229-240

Halliwell, Janet E. and Smith, William, "Scientific Advice in Government Decision-Making: The Canadian Experience", Report to the S&T Strategy Directorate, Industry Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, March 22, 1999

Hamner, Vince and Tissue, Brian, "Science Ethics Bibliography", 1997, [www.chem.vt.edu/ethics/vinny/ethxbibl.html]

Harman, J.R., Harrington, J.A. and Cerveny, R.S., "Balancing Scientific and Ethical Values in Environmental Science", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1998, pp. 277-286

Headrick, Dan, "The Ethics and Law of Robots", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 57, No. 3, May-June, 2014, pp. 6-7

Henderson-Sellers, A., "Communicating Science Ethically - Is the "Balance" Achievable?", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1998, pp. 301-307

Hess, Charles and Hey, Kenneth, "'Good' Doesn't Always Mean 'Right'", Across the Board, July-August, 2001, pp. 61-66

Hillman, A.L., Eisenberg, J.M., Pauly, M.V.,, Bloom, B.S., Glick, H., Kinosian, B. and Schwartz, J.S., "Avoiding Bias in the Conduct and Reporting of Cost-effectiveness Research Sponsored by Pharmaceutical Companies", New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 324, No. 19, 1991, pp. 1362-1365

Huber, P.W., "Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom", New York: Basic Books, 1991

Huizenga, John R., "Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century", New York: Oxford University Press, 1993

Hutchings, J.A., Walters, C. and Haedrich, R.L., "Is Scientific Inquiry Incompatible with Government Information Control?", Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, Vol. 54, 1997, pp. 1198-1210

Ioannidis, John P.A., "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False", PLoS Med, Vol. 2, No. 8, August, 2005, [http://medicine.plosjournals.org]

Irwin, A. and Wynne, B., eds., Misunderstanding Science?: The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology", New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996

Jarvis, Bill, "The Role and Responsibilities of the Scientist in Public Policy", Discussion Paper, Ottawa, ON: Public Policy Forum, September, 1998

Jasanoff, Sheila, "The Fifth Branch: Scientific Advisors as Policy Makers", Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990

Khor, Martin, "Intellectual Property, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development: Resolving the Difficult Issues", London: Zed Books, 2002

Klotz, Irving M., "Diamond Dealers and Feather Merchants: Tales from the Sciences", Boston: Birkhauser, 1986

Knight, J.A., "Exploring the Compromise of Ethical Principles in Science", Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 27, No. , 1984, pp. 432-

Knudson, P.L., "Informed Consent to Participate in Research", Archives of Medical Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, January, 2002, pp. 88-89

Kohn, Alexander., "False Prophets: Fraud and Error in Science and Medicine", New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988

Korenman, Stanley G., "Conflicts of Interest and Commercialization of Research", Academic Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 9, Supplement, 1993, pp. S18-S22

Krauss, Lawrence M., "Odds are Stacked When Science Tries to Debate Pseudoscience", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 45, No. 4, July-August, 2002, pp. 9-10

Legator, M.S., "Industry Pressures on Scientific Investigators", International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health, Vol. 4, No. 2, April-June, 1998, p. 133

Longino, H., "Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry", Princeton University Press, 1990

Louis, Karen S., Jones, Lisa M., Anderson, Melissa S., Blumenthal, David and Campbell, Eric G., "Entrepreneurship, Secrecy, and Productivity: A Comparison of Clinical and Non-clinical Life Sciences Faculty", Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 26, No. 3, June, 2001, pp. 233-245

Maccoby, Michael, "To Build Trust, Ethics are not Enough", Research-Technology Management, Vol. 46, No. 5, September-October, 2004, pp. 59-60

MacKenzie, Donald, "Proof and the Computer: Some Issues Raised by the Formal Verification of Computer Systems", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1, February, 1996, pp. 45-54

Martin, Brian and Richards, Evellen, "Scientific Knowledge, Controversy, and Public Decision Making", in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald Markle, James Petersen and Trevor Pinch, eds., Sage, 1994, pp. 506-526

Martinson, Brian C., Anderson, Melissa S. and de Vries, Rymond, "Scientists Behaving Badly", Nature, No. 435, June 9, 2005, pp. 737-738

May, R., "The Use of Scientific Advice in Policy Making", London: Office of Science and Technology, 1997

McGuire, Nancy K., "When 'It Can't Happen Here' Happens", Chemical Innovation, Vol. 30, No. 3, March, 2000, pp. 13-18

Medical Research Council, "Guidelines for the Commercialization of Medical Research (Draft)", Report of the Working Group on Conflict of Interest in Intellectual Property and Commercialization, Ottawa, Ontario, February 7, 1996

Mempham, T.B., Tucker, G.A. and Wiseman, J., eds., "Issues in Agricultural Bioethics", Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press, 1995

Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, "Independent Science Panels: A Handbook of Guidelines for their Establishment and Operations", Report 76, Wellington, NZ, 1998

Mishra, Alok, Akman, Ibrahim and Yazici, Ali, "Software Piracy Among IT Professionals in Organization", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 26, No. 5, October, 2006, pp. 401-413

Moore, A.P., Cappelli, D.M., Caron, T.C., Shaw, E., Spooner, D. and Trzeciak, R.F., "A Preliminary Model of Insider Theft of Intellectual Property", Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiqitous Computing and Dependable Applications", Vol. 2, No. 1, 2011, pp. 28-49

Mukerji, C., "A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State", Princeton University Press, 1989

NAS, "On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research", Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995

OECD, "Strengthening the Interaction between Science and Policy Making", Magascience Forum, June 25-26, 1998

Office of Science and Technology, "The Use of Scientific Advice in Policy Making", London: OST, 1997; "Implementation of the Guidelines", London: Dept. of Trade and Industry, 1998

Proctor, J.D., "Expanding the Scope of Science and Ethics", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1998, pp. 290-296

Rabino, I., "Societal and Commercial Issues Affecting the Future of Biotechnology in the United States: a Survey of Researchers' Perceptions", Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 85, March, 1998, pp. 109-116

Reagan, C.E., "Ethics for Scientific Researchers", 2nd edition, Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1971

Rothman, K.J., "Conflict of Interest: The New McCarthyism in Science", Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 269, 1993, pp. 573-576

Rutgers, M.R. and Mentzel, M.A., "Scientific Expertise and Public Policy: Resolving Paradoxes?", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, June 1999, pp. 146-150

Salter, Liora, "Mandated Science: Science and Scientists in the Making of Standards", Kluwer Academic Publications, 1988

Sarasohn, Judy, "Science on Trial: The Whistle-blower, the Accused, and the Nobel Laureate", New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993

Science Council of Canada, "Regulating the Regulators: Science, Values and Decisions", Ottawa, ON: SCC, 1982

Sclove, R.E., "Better Approaches to Science Policy", Science, Vol. 279, 1998, pp. 1283

Scott, John T., "Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Research and Development", Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Vol. 16, No. 3, September, 2005, pp. 313-331

Shrader-Frechette, K., "First Things First: Balancing Scientific and Ethical Values in Environmental Science", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1998, pp. 287-289

Sigma Xi, "Ethics, Values and the Promise of Science", Research Triangle Park, NC: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 1993

Smith, William, "Science into Policy: An Evaluation of the Use of Science in Policy Formulation", Report 80, Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 1998

Smith, William, "Review of Expert Panels for Provision of Scientific and Technological Advice for Development of Public Policy", Report 61, Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 1997

Smith, William and Halliwell, Janet, "Principles and Practices for Using Scientific Advice in Government Decision Making: International Best Practices", Report to the S&T Strategy Directorate, Industry Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, January, 1999

Thomson, Dennis, "Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest", New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 329, 1993, pp. 573-576

Solomon, S.M. and Hackett, E.J., "Setting the Boundaries between Science and the Law: Lessons from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc", Science, Technology & Human Values, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1996, pp. 131-156

Sprague, R., "A Case of Whistleblowing in Research", Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 8, 1989, pp.4

Swazey, J.P., Anderson, M.S. and Lewis, K.S., "Ethical Problems in Academic Research", American Scientist, Vol. 81, No. , 1993, pp. 542-

Taubes, Gary, "Bad Science: The Short Life & Hard Times of Cold Fusion", New York: Random House, 1993

Teich, Albert H. and Frankel, Mark S., "Good Science and Responsible Scientists: Meeting the Challenge of Fraud and Misconduct in Science", Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1991

Unger, S.H., "Controlling Technology: Ethics and the Responsible Engineer", 2nd edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994

van Eeten, M.J.G., "'Dialogues of the Deaf' on Science Policy Controversies", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, June 1999 pp. 185-192

von Hippel, F. and Chalk, R., "Due Process for Dissenting Whistle-Blowers", Technology Review, June-July, 1979, pp. 49-

von Schomberg, R., ed., "Science, Politics and Morality", Netherlands: University of Brabant, 1993

Walker, P.V., "Two Researchers Found Guilty of Misconduct", The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 24, 1997, pp. A21

Weingart, Peter, "Scientific Expertise and Political Accountability: Paradoxes of Science in Politics", Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, June 1999, pp. 151-161

Whitbeck, Caroline, "Understanding Ethical Problems in Engineering Practice and Research", New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995

Wilan, Ken H. and DeFrancesco, Laura, "Finding the Moral High Ground", Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 24, No. 3, March, 2006, pp. 237-239

Woodhouse, E.J., "Can Science be More Useful in Politics?: The Case of Ecological Risk Assessment", Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995, pp. 395-406

Zurer, P.S., "Scientific Misconduct Hearing Neglects Universities' Role", Chemical & Engineering News, August 28, 1995, pp. 33

Zurer, P.S., "University, Government Officials Grapple with Scientific Integrity Issues", Chemical & Engineering News, June 27, 1994, pp. 35

Zurer, P.S., "Ethical Issues Underlying Responsible Conduct of Science Explored", Chemical & Engineering News, March 15, 1993, pp. 7


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